# Bot Governance Literature Review — Search Results **Total unique papers found (all sources merged):** 621 **From direct database search (deduplicated):** 323 **From forward/backward citation chaining (raw, pre-dedup):** 351 **Excluded — published before 2016:** 50 **Excluded — off-topic by keyword screen:** 460 **Included in annotated bibliography below:** 111 Sorted by citation count (descending). See `methodology.md` for full search strategy and `included_papers.json` / `excluded_papers.json` for machine-readable data. --- ## 1. Bots, #StrongerIn, and #Brexit: Computational Propaganda during the UK-EU Referendum **P. Howard, Bence Kollanyi (2016).** *arXiv.org* Citations: 393 | DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2798311 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/da9cb56b9c7c2c2b191dd658b1830774d741fc62) > Bots are social media accounts that automate interaction with other users, and they are active on the StrongerIn-Brexit conversation happening over Twitter. These automated scripts generate content through these platforms and then interact with people. Political bots are automated accounts that are particularly active on public policy issues, elections, and political crises. In this preliminary study on the use of political bots during the UK referendum on EU membership, we analyze the tweeting patterns for both human users and bots. We find that political bots have a small but strategic role... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 2. Unpacking the Social Media Bot: A Typology to Guide Research and Policy **Robert Gorwa, Douglas Guilbeault (2018).** *Policy & Internet* Citations: 209 | DOI: 10.1002/poi3.184 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2b58f2a51954283196e9943f235b1f3f2c65c5cf) > Amidst widespread reports of digital influence operations during major elections, policymakers, scholars, and journalists have become increasingly interested in the political impact of social media 'bots.' Most recently, platform companies like Facebook and Twitter have been summoned to testify about bots as part of investigations into digitally-enabled foreign manipulation during the 2016 US Presidential election. Facing mounting pressure from both the public and from legislators, these companies have been instructed to crack down on apparently malicious bot accounts. But as this article... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); Citation chaining: backward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 3. Misinformation and Its Correction **Chloe Wittenberg, Adam J. Berinsky (2020).** *Social Media and Democracy* Citations: 109 | DOI: 10.1017/9781108890960.009 > Fake news is big news. From the diffusion of rumors and conspiracies in the United States to the spread of disinformation by Russian troll farms, misinformation is a hot topic among academics and journalists alike. How can we understand and correct such misinformation? A logical starting point is to fight fiction with fact. Indeed, many proposed solutions to the problem of misinformation assume that the proper remedy is merely to provide more information. In this view, if citizens were only better informed, misinformation would lose its power. However, ample research suggests that the answer... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 4. Countering Extremists on Social Media: Challenges for Strategic Communication and Content Moderation **B. Ganesh, Jonathan Bright (2020).** *Policy & Internet* Citations: 68 | DOI: 10.1002/poi3.236 > Extremist exploitation of social media platforms is an important regulatory question for civil society, government, and the private sector. Extremists exploit social media for a range of reasons-from spreading hateful narratives and propaganda to financing, recruitment, and sharing operational information. Policy responses to this question fit under two headings, strategic communication and content moderation. At the center of both of these policy responses is a calculation about how best to limit audience exposure to extremist narratives and maintain the marginality of extremist views, while... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 5. Global Platform Governance: Private Power in the Shadow of the State **Hannah Bloch-Wehba (2019).** *SMU Law Review* Citations: 47 | DOI: 10.25172/smulr.72.1.9 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ec89c36b09433000ad6c16263bef81fee0c8fac5) > Online intermediaries—search engines, social media platforms, even e-commerce businesses—are increasingly required to make critical decisions about free expression, individual privacy, and property rights under domestic law. These requirements arise in contexts that include the right to be forgotten, hate speech, “terrorist” speech, and copyright and intellectual property. At the same time, these disputes about online speech are increasingly borderless. Many laws targeting online speech and privacy are explicitly extraterritorial in scope. Even when not, some courts have ruled that they have... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 6. A global comparison of social media bot and human characteristics **L. Ng, K. Carley (2025).** *Scientific Reports* Citations: 47 | DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-96372-1 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4bf8596ca0776c969ef2ee7beb2530fb8bff3299) > Chatter on social media about global events comes from 20% bots and 80% humans. The chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated (e.g., increased hashtags, and positive terms) while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding (e.g. replying to post threads). Bots use words in categories that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not obviously related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ in their communication structure: sampled bots have a star... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 7. Platform Governance in the Presence of Within-Complementor Interdependencies: Evidence from the Rideshare Industry **Hyuck David Chung, Y. Zhou, Sendil K. Ethiraj (2023).** *Management Sciences* Citations: 41 | DOI: 10.1287/mnsc.2023.4706 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4da9d4b7574fbfd18a1321f9591cd61e5f91a229) > Existing studies suggest that platform access restriction may cause restricted complementors to switch to competing platforms, which will increase complement quantity on competing platforms. We re-examine this prediction by accounting for the impact of economies of scope on complementor responses to platform access restriction. We argue that restricting a complementor’s access on a platform may prevent it from achieving economies of scope from multi-homing, thereby incentivizing it to abandon both the restricted and (unrestricted) competing platforms. Using rideshare data in New York City, we... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 8. BotSim: LLM-Powered Malicious Social Botnet Simulation **Boyu Qiao et al. (2024).** *AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence* Citations: 37 | DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2412.13420 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/683e05604247d6c860503781c367c1706edcb18e) > Social media platforms like X(Twitter) and Reddit are vital to global communication. However, advancements in Large Language Model (LLM) technology give rise to social media bots with unprecedented intelligence. These bots adeptly simulate human profiles, conversations, and interactions, disseminating large amounts of false information and posing significant challenges to platform regulation. To better understand and counter these threats, we innovatively design BotSim, a malicious social botnet simulation powered by LLM. BotSim mimics the information dissemination patterns of real-world... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 9. Automated Transparency: A Legal and Empirical Analysis of the Digital Services Act Transparency Database **Rishabh Kaushal et al. (2024).** *Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency* Citations: 35 | DOI: 10.1145/3630106.3658960 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a53b0d670426f8cf59dacf576cb103670daf6a6d) > The Digital Services Act (DSA) is a much awaited platforms liability reform in the European Union that was adopted on 1 November 2022 with the ambition to set a global example in terms of accountability and transparency. Among other obligations, the DSA emphasizes the need for online platforms to report on their content moderation decisions (‘statements of reasons’ - SoRs), which is a novel transparency mechanism we refer to as automated transparency in this study. SoRs are currently made available in the DSA Transparency Database, launched by the European Commission in September 2023. The... **Found via:** S2 phrase: Digital Services Act platform liability bots --- ## 10. Elections, Institutions, and the Regulatory Politics of Platform Governance: The Case of the German NetzDG **Robert Gorwa (2021).** *Telecommunications Policy* Citations: 34 | DOI: 10.1016/J.TELPOL.2021.102145 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/da1c08a43977beb0d312305756a442954cb0a56f) > Policy proposals for higher rules and standards governing how major user- generated content platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube moderate socially problematic content have become increasingly prevalent since the negotiation of the German Network Enforcement Act (NetzDG) in 2017. Although a growing body of scholarship has emerged to assess the normative and legal dimensions of these regulatory developments in Germany and beyond, the legal scholarship on intermediary liability leaves key questions about why and how these policies are developed, shaped, and adopted unanswered. The goal... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 11. Democratic Transparency in the Platform Society **Robert Gorwa, T. G. Ash (2019).** *Social Media and Democracy* Citations: 33 | DOI: 10.31235/osf.io/ehcy2 > Following an host of major scandals, transparency has emerged in recent years as one of the leading accountability mechanisms through which the companies operating global platforms for user-generated content have attempted to regain the trust of the public, politicians, and regulatory authorities. Ranging from Facebook’s efforts to partner with academics and create a reputable mechanism for third party data access and independent research to the expanded advertising disclosure tools being built for elections around the world, transparency is playing a major role in current governance debates... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 12. Platform Governance with Algorithm-Based Content Moderation: An Empirical Study on Reddit **Qinglai He, Yili Hong, T. S. Raghu (2024).** *Information systems research* Citations: 31 | DOI: 10.1287/isre.2021.0036 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bb9ab0fe1d531534965babe620b66d14eb403b6a) > Pratice- and Policy-oriented Abstract Volunteer (human) moderators have been the essential workforce for content moderation to combat growing inappropriate online content. Because volunteer-based content moderation faces challenges in achieving scalable, desirable, and sustainable moderation, many online platforms have started to adopt algorithm-based content moderation tools (bots). However, it is unclear how volunteer moderators react to the bot adoption in terms of their community-policing and -nurturing efforts. Our research collected public moderation records by bots and volunteer... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 13. Exposing Cross-Platform Coordinated Inauthentic Activity in the Run-Up to the 2024 U.S. Election **Federico Cinus et al. (2024).** *The Web Conference* Citations: 29 | DOI: 10.1145/3696410.3714698 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3616c1eaca576619a1e99eaa6ed3e93992f5c2f2) > Coordinated information operations remain a persistent challenge on social media, despite platform efforts to curb them. While previous research has primarily focused on identifying these operations within individual platforms, this study shows that coordination frequently transcends platform boundaries. Leveraging newly collected data of online conversations related to the 2024 U.S. Election across 𝕏 (formerly, Twitter), Facebook, and Telegram, we construct similarity networks to detect coordinated communities exhibiting suspicious sharing behaviors within and across platforms. Proposing an... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 14. Facts and Where to Find Them: Empirical Research on Internet Platforms and Content Moderation **Daphne Keller, P. Leerssen (2019).** *Social Media and Democracy* Citations: 26 | DOI: 10.1017/9781108890960.011 > Reliable information about platforms’ content removal systems was, for many years, hard to come by. But data and disclosures are steadily emerging as researchers focus on the topic and platforms ramp up their transparency measures, including both self-regulatory efforts as well as disclosures required by law. This essay reviews the current and likely future sources of information. First, we discuss disclosures from platforms and other participants in content moderation, such as users and governments. Second, we discuss independent research from third parties such as academics and journalists,... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 15. Blocking measures against offshore online gambling: a scoping review **M. Egerer, V. Marionneau (2023).** *International Gambling Studies* Citations: 25 | DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2023.2190372 > ABSTRACT Online gambling is a profitable industry both in the regulated market and in the unregulated offshore market. Difficulties in regulating the offshore online markets are exacerbated by concerns over lacking consumer protection measures in offshore environments and reduced financial and tax revenue from gambling. Blocking is a measure employed by numerous regulators to prevent access or financial transactions to unregulated gambling sites. Yet, little is known about how well such strategies work. The current scoping review focuses on evidence on the effectiveness of blocking measures.... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 16. Toward Byzantine-Robust Distributed Learning for Sentiment Classification on Social Media Platform **Heyi Zhang et al. (2025).** *IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems* Citations: 23 | DOI: 10.1109/TCSS.2024.3361465 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6610c441a5245d2bdae5b66d23773565b8db6cd4) > Distributed learning empowers social media platforms to handle massive data for image sentiment classification and deliver intelligent services. However, with the increase of privacy threats and malicious activities, three major challenges are emerging: securing privacy, alleviating straggler problems, and mitigating Byzantine attacks. Although recent studies explore coded computing for privacy and straggler problems, as well as Byzantine-robust aggregation for poisoning attacks, they are not well-designed against both threats simultaneously. To tackle these obstacles and achieve an efficient... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 17. Authenticity Governance and the Market for Social Media Engagements: The Shaping of Disinformation at the Peripheries of Platform Ecosystems **Johan Lindquist, Esther Weltevrede (2024).** *Social Media + Society* Citations: 18 | DOI: 10.1177/20563051231224721 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0b5e6465922ffbc7f075d61dd62a32efc1f0a99c) > Social media engagements, such as likes and follows, have become crucial for driving algorithmic recommendations and underpinning platform economies. This has given rise to disinformation industries that focus on the production and sale of engagements, including Instagram followers—a phenomenon we term the “engagement as a service” market. However, this market poses significant challenges for empirical research as its operations remain obscured from the scrutiny of platforms, their users, and researchers alike. In this article, we propose a mixed-methods approach to make visible the... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 18. Comparative Media Regulation in the United States and Europe **F. Fukuyama, Andrew J. Grotto (2020).** *Social Media and Democracy* Citations: 18 | DOI: 10.1017/9781108890960.010 > In current debates over the Internet’s impact on global democracy, the prospect of state regulation of social media has been proffered as a solution to problems like fake news, hate speech, conspiracy-mongering, and similar ills. For example, US Senator Mark Warner has proposed a bill that would enhance privacy protections required of internet platforms, create rules for labeling bot accounts, and change the legal terms of the platforms’ legal relationship with their users. In Europe, regulation has already been enacted in the form of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 19. Criminogenic and harm-enabling features of social media platforms: The case of sharenting practices **A. Lavorgna, M. Tartari, Pamela Ugwudike (2022).** *European Journal of Criminology* Citations: 17 | DOI: 10.1177/14773708221131659 > Sharenting – that is, the sharing of identifying and sensitive information of minors, who are often overexposed online by parents or guardians – has, at times, criminogenic potential, as the information shared can enable both heinous crimes and other types of harmful conduct. Whilst most research on sharenting has focused on the sharenters and their agency, there is a gap in addressing whether and to what extent social media platforms display criminogenic or other harm-enabling features that can render sharenting risky for affected minors. By relying on an adapted crime proofing of... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 20. Social Media Platform Regulation in India – A Special Reference to The Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021 **S. Ashwini (2021).** *Perspectives on Platform Regulation* Citations: 16 | DOI: 10.5771/9783748929789-215 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/98947840b5f93d69962d313fa2ad3de8c1d97fd7) > : India has experienced the potential of social media platforms and witnessed the far-reaching consequences which these platforms may pose. The current Indian legal framework on social media platforms (hereinafter: SMPs) tend towards a co-regulatory model relying both on statutory framework and self-regulation of SMPs. The chapter analyses the regulatory framework of SMPs in India and the contentious “Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021” (hereinafter IM Rules, 2021) from the prism of fundamentals of free speech. The chapter discusses how... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 21. CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR PAID DISINFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL WORLD: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN UAE LAW AND THE EUROPEAN DIGITAL SERVICES ACT (DSA) **M. Alkrisheh, F. Gourari (2025).** *Access to Justice in Eastern Europe* Citations: 16 | DOI: 10.33327/ajee-18-8.2-r000110 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a7ff39f9b9598d34fe8ae7d38550d528fe444c13) > Background: With the rapid digital transformation and the extensive use of social media platforms, disseminating various forms of harmful digital content—including illegal content and false or misleading information, particularly when financially incentivised—has become a pressing global challenge. These practices threaten digital trust and pose significant risks to societal stability. Despite the growing legal efforts to address these crimes, a unified and comprehensive legal framework remains lacking. This study examines the criminal liability associated with paid disinformation in the... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots); S2 phrase: Digital Services Act platform liability bots --- ## 22. Sustainable Development versus Extractivist Deforestation in Tropical, Subtropical, and Boreal Forest Ecosystems: Repercussions and Controversies about the Mother Tree and the Mycorrhizal Network Hypothesis **T. G. Bas, Mario Luis Sáez, Nicolas Sáez (2024).** *Plants* Citations: 13 | DOI: 10.3390/plants13091231 > This research reviews the phenomenon of extractive deforestation as a possible trigger for cascade reactions that could affect part of the forest ecosystem and its biodiversity (surface, aerial, and underground) in tropical, subtropical, and boreal forests. The controversy and disparities in criteria generated in the international scientific community around the hypothesis of a possible link between “mother trees” and mycorrhizal networks in coopetition for nutrients, nitrogen, and carbon are analyzed. The objective is to promote awareness to generate more scientific knowledge about the... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 23. Regulating News and Disinformation on Digital Platforms **D. Wilding (2021).** *Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy* Citations: 13 | DOI: 10.18080/jtde.v9n2.415 > In February 2021 two initiatives for regulating digital platforms in Australia were implemented. The News Media Bargaining Code (“News Code”) attracted international attention as a legislative means of forcing platforms to pay for news content, while the Australian Voluntary Disinformation and Misinformation Code (“Disinformation Code”) was modelled on an international initiative. Both were developed to meet Government policy formulated in response to Australia’s Digital Platforms Inquiry. Whereas the Inquiry recommended the use of co-regulation, Government policy switched to voluntary codes... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 24. Adopting Third-party Bots for Managing Online Communities **Sohyeon Hwang et al. (2024).** *Proc. ACM Hum. Comput. Interact.* Citations: 12 | DOI: 10.1145/3653707 > Bots have become critical for managing online communities on platforms, especially to match the increasing technical sophistication of online harms. However, community leaders often adoptthird-party bots, creating room for misalignment in their assumptions, expectations, and understandings (i.e., their technological frames) about them. On platforms where sharing bots can be extremely valuable, how community leaders can revise their frames about bots to more effectively adopt them is unclear. In this work, we conducted a qualitative interview study with 16 community leaders on Discord... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 25. Balancing the benefits and risks of social media on adolescent mental health in a post-pandemic world **Augustus Osborne (2025).** *Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health* Citations: 11 | DOI: 10.1186/s13034-025-00951-z | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/07cd2eb48fec04eaeda02fd84699e853b4c75ced) > The COVID-19 pandemic intensified adolescents reliance on social media for connection, education, and entertainment, presenting both opportunities and risks for mental health. This viewpoint explores the dual nature of social media as a lifeline offering peer support and access to resources, especially for marginalized teens and a stressor, linked to anxiety, depression, and cyberbullying. Drawing on global evidence, including WHO and UNICEF data, it shows disparities in impact across socioeconomic, cultural, and gender contexts, with low-resource settings facing unique challenges like... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 26. Regulation of Antibiotic Use in Livestock: European and International Strategies to Prevent and Control Antimicrobial Resistance and Ensure Animal Welfare **M. M. Dimuccio et al. (2026).** *Antibiotics* Citations: 10 | DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics15010067 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/39878c55fc448fd672f03b270f7d3e15d00156c4) > Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a significant global concern, undermining the efficacy of treatments in both human and veterinary medicine. Livestock production plays a major role in the emergence and dissemination of AMR, primarily due to the extensive use of antibiotics for therapeutic, prophylactic, and metaphylactic purposes. Addressing this multifaceted issue necessitates a One Health approach. At the international level, regulatory frameworks are predominantly non-binding, relying on soft-law instruments developed by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 27. Privatised enforcement and the right to freedom of expression in a world confronted with terrorism propaganda online **Eugénie Coche (2018).** *Internet Policy Review* Citations: 10 | DOI: 10.14763/2018.4.1382 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9d1d20f29e1e9c6fc4f0d70fd7dfc36443b3d0ce) > : The purpose of this paper is to explore the risks of privatised enforcement in the field of terrorism propaganda, stemming from the EU Code of conduct on countering illegal hate speech online. By shedding light on this Code, the author argues that implementation of it may undermine the rule of law and give rise to private censorship. In order to outweigh these risks, IT companies should improve their transparency, especially towards users whose content have been affected. Where automated means are used, the companies should always have in place some form of human intervention in order to... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots); Citation chaining: backward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 28. What is a Social Media Bot? A Global Comparison of Bot and Human Characteristics **L. Ng, K. Carley (2025).** *arXiv.org* Citations: 9 | DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2501.00855 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/27fa3e495625805de6850bf0548ac2adbcb91d4b) > Chatter on social media is 20% bots and 80% humans. Chatter by bots and humans is consistently different: bots tend to use linguistic cues that can be easily automated while humans use cues that require dialogue understanding. Bots use words that match the identities they choose to present, while humans may send messages that are not related to the identities they present. Bots and humans differ in their communication structure: sampled bots have a star interaction structure, while sampled humans have a hierarchical structure. These conclusions are based on a large-scale analysis of social... **Found via:** S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 29. The Marketplace of Ideas Online **D. Nunziato (2019).** *Social Science Research Network* Citations: 8 | DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3405381 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/19bd05985cfe18cb4825b5c104d031b8dc4044bd) > One hundred years ago, in the 1919 case of Abrams v. United States, Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. ushered into existence modern First Amendment jurisprudence by introducing the free trade in ideas model of free speech. According to this model, the ultimate good is reached by allowing speakers to engage in the free trade in ideas—free of government intervention in the way of regulation, censorship, or punishment. Ideas must be allowed to compete freely in an unregulated market, and the best ideas will ultimately get accepted by competing with others in this marketplace. As such,... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 30. On moving fast and breaking things . . . again: social media’s lessons for generative AI governance **Philip M. Napoli, Suher Adi (2025).** *Information, Communication & Society* Citations: 7 | DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2025.2513668 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bc29649c193c3d8e7e318e969ccb6e04d8c81532) > ABSTRACT Generative AI systems are increasingly being employed globally, bringing with them both tremendous promise and substantial potential for harm. As is often the case, governance initiatives are lagging behind technological diffusion. This article looks to the very recent past – the rise of social media platforms and their associated algorithmic systems – as a guide for ongoing and future conversations about the governance of generative AI. Specifically, this article identifies a set of missteps that have characterized social media governance that have direct applicability to the... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 31. Governing platforms through corporate risk management: the politics of systemic risk in the Digital Services Act **Rachel Griffin (2025).** *European Law Open* Citations: 7 | DOI: 10.1017/elo.2025.17 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e6eabada86bec67b4ff2c48579df9187e2554b8f) > Abstract The EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA) requires large online platforms to assess and mitigate risks to various vaguely-defined and contestable values, including fundamental rights; public health and security; civic discourse; and people’s mental and physical wellbeing. The scope of these provisions is thus incredibly broad and they have unsurprisingly attracted significant academic interest. So far, most scholarship has taken a broadly functionalist approach: it accepts the basic premise that certain social impacts of platforms constitute risks which must be managed, and evaluates... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 32. Online disinformation in the 2020 U.S. election: swing vs. safe states **Manuel Pratelli et al. (2024).** *EPJ Data Science* Citations: 7 | DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-024-00461-6 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/86ed3f1cd9ffdb47ff37d4cea0be3d14d19e8b81) > For U.S. presidential elections, most states use the so-called winner-take-all system, in which the state’s presidential electors are awarded to the winning political party in the state after a popular vote phase, regardless of the actual margin of victory. Therefore, election campaigns are especially intense in states where there is no clear direction on which party will be the winning party. These states are often referred to as swing states . To measure the impact of such an election law on the campaigns, we analyze the Twitter activity surrounding the 2020 US preelection debate, with a... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 33. Disinformation Spillover: Uncovering the Ripple Effect of Bot-Assisted Fake Social Engagement on Public Attention **Sanghak Lee et al. (2024).** *MIS Q.* Citations: 7 | DOI: 10.25300/misq/2023/17195 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2d05ada301fcc9419e9f3946cdc5d9fb5a750af0) > Disinformation activities that aim to manipulate public opinion pose serious challenges to managing online platforms. One of the most widely used disinformation techniques is bot-assisted fake social engagement, which is used to falsely and quickly amplify the salience of information at scale. Based on agenda-setting theory, we hypothesize that bot-assisted fake social engagement boosts public attention in the manner intended by the manipulator. Leveraging a proven case of bot-assisted fake social engagement operation in a highly trafficked news portal, this study examines the impact of fake... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 34. Assembling platform governance as private ordering in the age of generative AI: platform interdependence in policy evolution **Chao Chris Su, Ngai Keung Chan (2025).** *Information, Communication & Society* Citations: 6 | DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2025.2513672 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/dd34b8bff3ab679af164005313a6dd4e9e620c2c) > ABSTRACT The rise of generative AI, such as ChatGPT, has transformed platform governance, affecting not only their own frameworks but also those of interconnected platforms like Twitter/X, TikTok, and Facebook. This study explores the evolution, interdependence, and assembling of platform governance through a comparative analysis of policy documents, including Community Guidelines, Privacy Policies, and Terms of Service. By examining OpenAI’s policies alongside those of major social media platforms from 2022 to 2024, we trace the co-evolution of platform values such as privacy, engagement,... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 35. The EU compromise machine and the politicisation of social policy: Lessons from the regulation of platform work **Amandine Crespy et al. (2025).** *Journal of European Social Policy* Citations: 6 | DOI: 10.1177/09589287251345912 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/56b0180c000e8dea3d28095cd41b0d907a750c27) > Over the past few years, the legal status and the working conditions of platform workers have been among the most debated manifestations of the digital transformation of work. Tense negotiations on the EU platform work directive (from 2021 to 2024) epitomize long-standing conflicts in EU social policymaking, namely the opposition between capital and labour, on the one hand, and resistance to EU involvement or impact on Member States’ social arrangements, on the other. This paper provides an in-depth inquiry of the policy process by focussing specifically on the presumption of employment in... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 36. Hoax and Election: The Role of Social Media and Challenges for Indonesian Government Policy **R. F. Syah et al. (2025).** *Studies in Media and Communication* Citations: 6 | DOI: 10.11114/smc.v13i2.7486 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/d8982099658bd0adc7a24a17e00d21d986c6ecbc) > The existence of a free media is an indicator of the quality of a country's democracy. The latest media, especially social media, is both an advantage and a challenge in the country's democratic process. Social media has become an alternative channel for politicians to build dialogue with their constituents. Therefore, social media has become an effective tool for political campaigning. Unfortunately, in the absence of control over the information being disseminated, social media has become a platform for the spread of hoax information. The research question is, did social media play a role... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 37. Cross-border financial regulation and its influence on multinational business operations, tax structures and investment flows **Anita Ama, Sakumaa Yanney (2025).** *World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews* Citations: 6 | DOI: 10.30574/wjarr.2025.26.3.2225 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/87dc6606677d41d3f6965ebcb2f7129d8dcbe02a) > The landscape of global finance is increasingly shaped by the complex interplay of cross-border financial regulations, which significantly influence how multinational corporations (MNCs) structure their operations, manage tax liabilities, and direct capital investments. In an era of heightened economic interdependence and evolving geopolitical risks, regulatory frameworks—ranging from anti-money laundering (AML) laws and Basel III standards to OECD's Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) actions—have become critical determinants of corporate strategy and international competitiveness. This... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 38. How Will the EU Digital Services Act Affect the Regulation of Disinformation? **Sharon Galantino (2023).** *SCRIPTed: A Journal of Law, Technology & Society* Citations: 6 | DOI: 10.2966/scrip.200123.89 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c7e93987b7683f99b4b887759be78674a7d08932) > This article examines the self-regulatory framework established by the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation and considers how the EU Digital Services Act [DSA] will affect that framework. Firstly, this article argues that the DSA entrenches the opacity of firms’ partnerships with fact-checking organisations and investigations of coordinated inauthentic behaviour, as well as fails to provide adequate transparency of its newly created redress mechanisms. Secondly, this article argues that, overall, the DSA fails to protect European standards of freedom of expression in the regulation of... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 39. Misinformation Laws and Free Speech: Biblical Theology and Constitutional Principles for Global Social Media Governance **Dr. Sixbert Sangwa, Placide Mutabazi (2025).** *Open Journal of Business Theology (ISSN : 2788-709X)* Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.65655/0nwajh64 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c2044b9973aa18d4d8fa7ba9e31e494d3299335b) > Background: Governments and major platforms increasingly portray online discourse as a “misinformation” crisis, justifying far-reaching controls that risk eroding free expression rooted in scriptural and constitutional principles. Purpose: The article develops a biblically grounded, constitutionally coherent framework that protects truthful speech while restraining coercive uses of the misinformation label. Design/methodology/approach: Using mixed-methods secondary research, the study integrates three analytical lenses—agenda-setting and propaganda theory, the political economy of platform... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 40. The Dual Personas of Social Media Bots **L. Ng, K. Carley (2025).** *arXiv.org* Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2504.12498 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/756e2408cb2e5788425c9545a712176560e462ed) > Social media bots are AI agents that participate in online conversations. Most studies focus on the general bot and the malicious nature of these agents. However, bots have many different personas, each specialized towards a specific behavioral or content trait. Neither are bots singularly bad, because they are used for both good and bad information dissemination. In this article, we introduce fifteen agent personas of social media bots. These personas have two main categories: Content-Based Bot Persona and Behavior-Based Bot Persona. We also form yardsticks of the good-bad duality of the... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 41. The Commission’s vision for Europe’s digital future: proposals for the Data Governance Act, the Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act—a critical primer **M. Leistner (2021).** ** Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.1093/JIPLP/JPAB054 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/635d5d4ef25b69eca7f14b3f9ba966efeda433b3) > The author discusses the EU Commission’s triad of proposals in the Digital Services Package of Winter 2020, i.e. the proposed Data Governance Act (DGA), Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA). These bills represent the hitherto most ambitious and broad regulatory project in the field of data and digital services regulation worldwide. While the DGA and DSA are also critically discussed, specific emphasis is paid to the DMA Proposal. This Proposal represents a hybrid approach to specific regulation of gatekeeper platforms, which in substance makes perfect sense. The main... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 42. Disinformation and Polarization in the Online Debate During the 2020 Presidential Election in Poland **Dorota Domalewska (2021).** *Safety & Defense* Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.37105/SD.92 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7545d4e5ecbfb71332d25309078bfd267212a19c) > The deliberate manipulation of public opinion, the spread of disinformation, and polarization are key social media threats that jeopardize national security. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of the content published by social bots and the polarization of the public debate on social media (Twitter, Facebook) during the presidential election campaign in Poland in 2020. This investigation takes the form of a quantitative study for which data was collected from the public domains of Facebook and Twitter (the corpus consisted of over three million posts, tweets and comments). The... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 43. Proactive governance by official administrators on Chinese social media platforms: Boundary discourse and governance legitimacy **Jiayi Chen, Chang Shi (2025).** *Media, Culture & Society* Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.1177/01634437251336153 > Chinese social media platforms are taking the initiative to cultivate relationships with both the government and users by proactively elaborating on platform rules, aiming to enhance the legitimacy of governance. This article seeks to understand the proactive governance of Chinese social media platforms and the underlying power dynamics by analyzing how official administrators construct governance legitimacy through boundary discourse. We conduct a critical discourse analysis of video texts published by official administrators on three large social media platforms: Douyin, Kuaishou, and... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 44. Digital intermediaries and transparency reports as strategic communications **Amanda Reid, Evan Ringel (2025).** *The Information Society* Citations: 5 | DOI: 10.1080/01972243.2025.2453529 > Abstract To enrich our understanding of the challenges of realizing meaningful transparency and accountability in platform governance, this study seeks to examine the institutionalization of “transparency reports” among digital intermediaries. Conceptually, it innovates by centering transparency reports as corporate social responsibility disclosures and by elaborating an argument that these voluntary disclosures are an emerging institutional practice that is shaped by isomorphic pressures. In contrast with the established analysis of other sectors of economic activity, sustained research on... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 45. Regulating computational propaganda: lessons from international law **Dr Mark Leiser (2019).** *Cambridge International Law Journal* Citations: 4 | DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3440157 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4c920d94b4c218b1c8c4cbbbbcefde07e792eac4) > A historical analysis of the regulation of propaganda and obligations on States to prevent its dissemination reveals competing origins of the protection (and suppression) of free expression in international law. The conflict between the ‘marketplace of ideas’ approach favoured by Western democracies and the Soviet Union's proposed direct control of media outlets have indirectly contributed to both the fake-news crisis and engineered polarisation via computational propaganda. From the troubled League of Nations to the Friendly Relations Declaration of 1970, several international agreements and... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 46. Enhancing Public Health Policy Communication Through Government–Citizen Social Media Interactions: The Impact of Replying Agents, Inquiry Tone, and Institutional Trust **Xinzhi Zhang, Fangcao Lu (2025).** *Policy & Internet* Citations: 3 | DOI: 10.1002/poi3.70000 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c6500b9710629fa4cf033aa0f97487ca092d441d) > This study examines how government responses to citizen inquiries on governmental social media enhance policy communication campaigns for observers. Drawing upon theories of masspersonal communication and artificial intelligence (AI)‐mediated communication, it investigates the effects of replying agents, inquiry tones, and institutional trust on observers’ perceptions of the campaigner, campaign message, and communicated policy. A pre‐registered four (replying agents: AI‐powered bot editor, human editor, AI–human tandem editor, and control) × two (inquiry tones: friendly vs. frustrated)... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 47. The use of social media bot accounts on influencing public opinion: a legal review in Indonesia **D. Fatmala, A. Amelia, Fitri Agustina Trianingsih (2020).** *Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum* Citations: 3 | DOI: 10.22219/LJIH.V28I2.12148 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a1abeef60b50aeaa0926effb6c7708d0476af2b7) > Today’s political discourse cannot be separated from the usage of social media. There are plenty of political actors using it to campaign their issues and attack their political rivals to influence public opinion. One of the instruments used by the political actor in using social media is bot accounts. Bot accounts are an automated online account where all or substantially all of the actions or posts of that account are not the result of a person. The usage of bot accounts is viewed as harmful for democracy by many experts on law and democracy. However, lots of states have no regulation... **Found via:** S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 48. AI as a Language Learning Facilitator: Examining Vocabulary and Self-Regulation in EFL Learners **Behnam Behforouz, Ali Al Gaithi (2025).** *Studies in Self-Access Learning Journal* Citations: 3 | DOI: 10.37237/202507 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/a9ac468ad13eecedea79e53945496f8481fc5b8b) > This study examined the impact of Copilot, an AI tool, on vocabulary learning and self-regulated learning skills. Through random sampling, 60 Omani English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners were divided into two equal groups, each comprising 30 students. Although both groups received similar in-class training, the experimental group was instructed to use Copilot as an extra facilitator in the learning process. Researcher-made pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest were designed to compare the groups together. Additionally, the experimental group participated in a self-regulated learning... **Found via:** S2 phrase: bot regulation self-regulation co-regulation --- ## 49. Social Media Bot Policies: Evaluating Passive and Active Enforcement **Kristina Radivojevic et al. (2024).** *International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.1109/SNAMS64316.2024.10883777 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/2344e922079ee6a4f74eaaa8b06dc5bb7faa8944) > The emergence of Multimodal Foundation Models (MFMs) holds significant promise for transforming social media platforms. However, this advancement also introduces substantial security and ethical concerns, as it may facilitate malicious actors in the exploitation of online users. We aim to evaluate the strength of security protocols on prominent social media platforms in mitigating the deployment of MFM bots. We examined the bot and content policies of eight popular social media platforms: X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, Facebook, Threads, TikTok, Mastodon, Reddit, and LinkedIn. Using... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 50. CONTENTR: An Experiential Game for Teaching Value Tradeoffs in Social Media Governance **Anna Lenhart, Sarah Gilbert, Katie Shilton (2024).** *Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.1145/3626252.3630814 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/efe93da2d242683a82a15ce4e787f16edea35da2) > Online content moderation has become the subject of intense debate as policymakers and platform developers aim to balance values such as freedom of expression and community safety. Despite the impact of content moderation on public discourse and online experiences, the debate surrounding content moderation regulation rarely involves those impacted by these decisions. To explore how to engage individuals in learning opportunities that deepen understanding of social and technical aspects of online content moderation, we designed and tested an educational game: CONTENTR. The game gives... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 51. The Connotation, Features, and Mechanism of Computational Propaganda **Jin Yang (2021).** *Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.14746/ssp.2021.2.4 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eea8a99ac14fb32fa0c3a63d1a76f0b22121a402) > The purpose of the work is to identify the connotation, features of computational propaganda and reveal how computational propaganda uses new technologies to manipulate public opinion. The study’s hypothesis is the assumption that computational propaganda, as a new type of propaganda and manipulation of public opinion spawned in the era of artificial intelligence, stealthily and massively steers public opinion using new technologies to influence political and social processes. With the scientific methods such as event analysis and case-study, the work concludes that more and more... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 52. The Commission’s digital services and markets act proposals: First step towards tougher and more directly enforced EU rules? **Pieter Van Cleynenbreugel (2021).** *Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.1177/1023263X211030434 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c884203458afbbd2303210574819a106fcdcee0) > On 15 December 2020, the European Commission presented its long-anticipated Digital Services and Digital Market Acts proposals. If and when adopted, those proposals would put in place a more stringent regulatory framework ensuring coordinated oversight over the online platform services and digital markets. They would also enhance EU coordinated and direct enforcement in the digital economy, by streamlining the organization and sanctioning powers of national administrative bodies and granting the European Commission far-reaching market supervision and enforcement powers. This legal development... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 53. Fighting Terrorism Online: Censorship, Platforms and Freedom of Expression across the Atlantic **G. D. Gregorio (2019).** ** Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.4324/9781003091561-6 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/b9a8208f8a486c5b5e37bab866f4701f34badb97) > Censorship is not a new phenomenon. History shows that freedom of expression has been subject to restrictions to control the dissemination of information and ideas. In particular, terrorism is one of the predominant examples demonstrating how public actors justify limitations to the flow of information across society to avoid the spread of propaganda and violent values. The relationship between censorship and terrorism is of particular concern when the debate is framed in the digital environment. The case of live streaming of terrorism shootings during Christchurch attacks in New Zealand is... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 54. Formation of a strategy for countering and identifying AI technologies in the fight against disinformation under martial law **O. Cherep et al. (2025).** *Technology audit and production reserves* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2025.327157 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cf2569a22563471bbb6f4adfcbad334233f85bb6) > The methodological basis of the study is a set of techniques, principles, general theoretical, special, interdisciplinary methods of scientific research. To achieve the set goal, the dialectical method of scientific knowledge was used – to study disinformation in martial law and determine the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in its detection and neutralization. The use of a systemic approach made it possible to determine the features of the spread of disinformation through social networks, traditional media and automated bot farms, for the manipulation of public opinion. The operations... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 55. Certainly Bot Or Not? Trustworthy Social Bot Detection via Robust Multi-Modal Neural Processes **Qi Wu et al. (2025).** *arXiv.org* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2503.09626 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c464ce325d25f9b2b2bbe9b4685ef52ade708c1d) > Social bot detection is crucial for mitigating misinformation, online manipulation, and coordinated inauthentic behavior. While existing neural network-based detectors perform well on benchmarks, they struggle with generalization due to distribution shifts across datasets and frequently produce overconfident predictions for out-of-distribution accounts beyond the training data. To address this, we introduce a novel Uncertainty Estimation for Social Bot Detection (UESBD) framework, which quantifies the predictive uncertainty of detectors beyond mere classification. For this task, we propose... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 56. Regulating Artificial Intimacy: From Locks and Blocks to Relational Accountability **Henry Fraser, Jessica M. Szczuka, Raffaele Ciriello (2026).** *Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency* Citations: 2 | DOI: 10.1145/3805689.3806790 > A series of high-profile tragedies involving companion chatbots has precipitated an unusually rapid regulatory response. Several jurisdictions, including Australia, California, and New York, have introduced enforceable regulation, while regulators elsewhere have signaled growing concern about risks posed by companion chatbots, particularly to children. In parallel, leading providers (notably OpenAI) appear to have strengthened their approaches to self-regulation. Drawing on legal textual analysis and insights from regulatory theory, psychology, and information systems research, this paper... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 57. Criminal Law Arrangements in Handling the Spread of Social Media Bot-Based False Information in Indonesia **L. Judijanto, I. Putra, S. Sumarni (2025).** *The Easta Journal Law and Human Rights* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.58812/eslhr.v3i02.469 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/9152a70c4e1235b4ab7b2f2f071fb40aaa69a2b9) > This study examines the legal arrangements in Indonesia for handling the spread of false information through social media bots, employing a normative juridical analysis. The proliferation of disinformation through automated bots has become a significant challenge to public trust, social cohesion, and democratic processes. This paper explores the adequacy of existing legal frameworks, such as the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (ITE Law), the Indonesian Penal Code, and the Election Law, in addressing bot-generated false information. The study identifies key challenges, including... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 58. Roadmap to success: Blueprint for enterprise-wide deployment of a point-of-care ultrasound platform, inclusive of governance, policy, education, credentialing, and quality assurance (Part 2) **David Waldman, John Doughton, Chelsea Pino (2025).** *Journal of Clinical Imaging Science* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.25259/JCIS_76_2025 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7e79344ac1f2b575d5fded570f0ceb5bf55b7190) > Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has emerged as a cost-effective diagnostic tool that significantly enhances physical examinations. Serving as an extension of traditional examination methods, POCUS is particularly appealing to the next generation of clinicians. It holds the potential to become the modern-day stethoscope in various medical assessments and procedures. At the University of Rochester, we are in the midst of a major initiative, deploying 2,000 POCUS probes while simultaneously reinforcing compliance standards for image storage and documentation across established POCUS platforms.... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 59. There was coordinated inauthentic user behavior in the COVID-19 German X-discourse, but did it really matter? **Habiba Sarhan, Simon Hegelich (2025).** *Frontiers in Communication* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2025.1510144 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3e03836443ea94407a9b5609a481c0ee47cefa06) > This study examines the role of coordinated inauthentic user behavior (CIUB) in the German COVID-19 discourse, focusing on the #nocovid hashtag. We analyze CIUB in relation to three dimensions of social media: communication, networks, and platforms. While our findings confirm the presence of coordinated behavior within the discourse, our analysis shows that CIUB itself did not significantly influence the debate. Instead, platform policies appear to have played a crucial role in shaping engagement by selectively amplifying or suppressing specific viewpoints. Using Granger causality analysis,... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 60. A Comparative Evaluation of URL-Sharing, Content Similarity, and Temporal Synchronicity Signals for Detecting Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior in Multilingual Political Discourse **Shan Wen, Tianxing Tang (2025).** *Journal of Global Engineering Review* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.66372/jger.v3i2.6 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/02186fe8d7bd69b1da3c614bb75927b6c3013c0b) > Coordinated inauthentic behavior (CIB) on social media platforms poses a persistent threat to the integrity of political discourse. While multiple signal types have been proposed to detect such coordinated manipulation, no prior study has systematically compared their detection efficacy across languages. This paper presents a comparative evaluation of three widely adopted coordination signals — URL co-sharing, content cosine similarity, and temporal posting synchronicity — applied to English and Russian political CIB datasets derived from the Twitter Information Operations Archive and the... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots); S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 61. Missing the Big Picture: Platform Opacity Weaponized for Disinformation in the Twitter Files Brazil Case **Carlos Eduardo Barros et al. (2026).** *AoIR Selected Papers of Internet Research* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.5210/spir.v2024i0.15063 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/706069e2f61a6af3bcbc31bf1c1c7e8d575c8fa2) > This paper examines the implications of the Twitter Files Brazil (TFB) controversy for the debate on platform governance, focusing on issues of transparency, moderation, and sovereignty. How has the TFB case contributed to the political manipulation of platform governance and accountability? The study combines network analysis of posts from April 2024 and historical data to map accounts early flagged for coordinated inauthentic behavior (CIB) and analyze the spread of disinformation on the platform. We also analysed the top shared posts to identify disinformation claims. Our findings reveal a... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots); S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 62. Intimacy as Service, Harm as Externality: Critical Perspectives on AI Companion Platform Accountability **Dayeon Eom, Julianne Renner, Sedona Chinn (2026).** *arXiv.org* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2604.06381 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/fa4745583bc89f9e73f2ffc20b7943df14524f10) > This paper examines artificial intelligence (AI) companionship as a site where intimate relations are simultaneously produced, extracted from, and governed through datafied systems. Drawing on critical data studies and platform studies, we challenge prevailing narratives that locate harm in user psychology rather than platform architecture. Through in-depth interviews with 20 individuals who have AI companions, we address three questions: what harms do users identify, how do they make sense of those harms, and what do their accounts reveal about the perceived distribution of responsibility... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 63. Connective action and digital repression during China's COVID-19 protests: a computational analysis of multilingual coordinated activity on Twitter **Aytalina Kulichkina et al. (2026).** *EPJ Data Science* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.1140/epjds/s13688-026-00637-2 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ebe859ca3ac43a37d14bbf0ec317b32e55c5b9b8) > In authoritarian contexts, social media serve as critical platforms for coordinating both protest and repression. This study centers on the unprecedented COVID-19 protests in the People’s Republic of China, which were extensively tweeted and suppressed through contesting narratives. We explore prominent themes, temporal dynamics, and linguistic patterns of coordinated communication during these events. Using a coordination detection algorithm, we identified 13,557 Twitter accounts involved in 739,819 instances of coordinated sharing during the protests. We then applied topic modeling to... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 64. Puppets or partners? Governing cyborg propaganda in the digital public square **Jonas R. Kunst et al. (2026).** ** Citations: 1 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ed1c7b60e22913e33e18d01106fe8a40b4d248e9) > The distinction between genuine grassroots activism and automated influence operations is collapsing. While contemporary policy debates prioritize fully autonomous generative agents and synthetic content, this paper offers a conceptual contribution: we develop'cyborg propaganda,'a closed-loop architecture combining verified human accounts with algorithmic automation to generate personalized content at scale, as a distinct and undertheorized threat to democratic discourse. By relying on verified citizens to ratify AI-generated messages, these campaigns exploit a regulatory gray zone that... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 65. Inquiry into the validity of the Digital Services Act and the role of the representative associations under that regulation **Krzysztof Pacuła (2024).** *ERA Forum* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.1007/s12027-024-00799-4 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6f002ea8dbf6fe604a8022fdd4e47c40277e800a) > The Digital Services Act (DSA) tackles challenges arising from the evolution of online intermediary services and inevitably brings forth a multitude of legal issues regarding its operation. While the first rulings of the EU courts, delivered in incidental proceedings, have to be read in the specific context in which they were rendered, these decisions could serve as a noteworthy reference point for future discussions on the broader understanding of the DSA. An intriguing aspect of these rulings is their potential to illustrate two prospective approaches that may emerge in future case law... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 66. The Commission’s vision for Europe’s Digital Future: Proposals for the Data Governance Act, the Digital Markets Act and the Digital Services Act – A critical primer **M. Leistner (2021).** ** Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3789041 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/26103c00833629faf10bfe4bdd4b3ac8546eb934) > The author discusses the EU Commission’s triad of proposals in the Digital Services Package of Winter 2020, i.e. the proposed Data Governance Act (DGA), Digital Markets Act (DMA) and Digital Services Act (DSA). These bills represent the hitherto most ambitious and broad regulatory project in the field of data and digital services regulation worldwide. While the DGA and DSA are also critically discussed, specific emphasis is paid to the DMA Proposal. This Proposal represents a hybrid approach to specific regulation of gatekeeper platforms, which in substance makes perfect sense. The main... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 67. Legal Issues Relating to Online Transaction: Special Reference to Children Product Safety in Malaysia **Farhanin binti Abdullah Asuhaimi et al. (2019).** *International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/V9-I3/5699 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/38e63b844faf7e7ae3f18710966671af0e8c8b0c) > All children’s products are subject to a set of federal safety rules, called children’s product safety rules. It is important to classify the product to identify correctly the set of children’s product safety rules applicable to the product. As for the online transactions, there is a federal agency called the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) which is responsible to regulate e-commerce activities, including use of commercial emails, online advertising and consumer privacy. In Malaysia, there is no specific law which governs both online transaction and children product safety. The general laws... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 68. Risks and Harms of Conversational Artificial Intelligence (CAI) Chatbot Use Among US Youth. **Sameer Hinduja, Justin W. Patchin (2026).** *Journal des adolescens* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.1002/jad.70164 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/10fa061ec9627e0184c9e604cd70aae406b79d99) > INTRODUCTION Conversational AI (CAI) chatbots are widely used by adolescents for instruction, entertainment, companionship, and advice, but concerns persist that they may foster risky behaviors, spread harmful content, and elevate psychological risks. Given the limited research base, this study examined CAI chatbot use, motivations, and negative or unsafe experiences among US youth. METHODS An anonymous online survey was administered to a nationally representative sample of 3466 US youth aged 13-17. Respondents reported frequency and intensity of CAI chatbot use, reasons for engagement, and... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 69. Disinformation as a Weapon: Media Tactics and Psychological Warfare in the Ukrainian Conflict **Urszula Soler, Stefano Lovi (2025).** *Slovak Journal of Political Sciences* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.34135/sjps.250102 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4bdfd41a39be49a294f0d0c4bd694c9cc548cae8) > This article critically examines disinformation as a strategic weapon in the Russian-Ukrainian war, arguing that it forms a core pillar of hybrid conflict by targeting cognition and perception rather than solely battlefield outcomes. The study aims to define and investigate key research problems: how disinformation campaigns are structured and disseminated; which objectives they pursue (shaping opinions, eroding social cohesion, delegitimizing authorities, justifying aggression); and how effectively Western responses mitigate their impact. Methodologically, it employs qualitative content... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 70. Viral Politics and Platform Power: TikTok’s Role in Shaping Electoral Discourse in Southeast Asia **Ajeng Iva Dwi Febriana, Sirajul Rahman (2024).** *Journal of Communications* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.61978/communica.v2i1.753 > This study examines how TikTok has transformed political campaigning and discourse in Southeast Asia, focusing on the 2022 and 2024 elections in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Using qualitative content analysis of TikTok content tagged with political hashtags, the research draws on platform governance theory and emotional resonance metrics to assess engagement patterns, influencer behavior, and algorithmic amplification. Findings reveal that TikTok’s short-form, emotionally resonant videos allow both official campaigns and grassroots creators to bypass traditional media... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 71. Between Progress and Peril: The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Shaping Modern Political Communication **Radoslav Baltezarević, Vladimir Lović, Ivana Baltezarević (2025).** *International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.23947/2334-8496-2025-13-3-823-835 > Since artificial intelligence (AI) has been integrated into our digital communication landscape, there have been major changes in how political campaigns are strategically designed and how public opinion is influenced. With the help of machine learning (ML), generative models (GM) and natural language processing (NLP), AI tools have introduced new opportunities for political engagement. Today, thanks to AI-driven data analytics, we can micro-target voters based on their psychographic profiles and adapt political messages with incredible precision. On the other hand, generative AI technologies... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 72. Hot tubs, yoga pants, and gamba: Twitch's controversial metas as cultural negotiations of platform governance **C. J. Reynolds (2025).** *Platforms & Society* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.1177/29768624251350861 > This study examines three of Twitch's most disputed content metas to theorize the agenda-setting power of controversies and the influence creators and audiences can wield over platform policymaking through disputes around content. Controversies surface how Twitch stakeholders test and push each other’s sensibilities about the culture of Twitch, and how informal collective sentiment around the boundaries of acceptable practices become formalized in governance decisions. Each of these seemingly esoteric enjoyments generated heated discussion on and about one of the largest livestreaming... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 73. First Do No Harm (online): When Healthcare Practitioners Become Agents of Information Pollution **A. Lavorgna, Heather Myles (2025).** *European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.1007/s10610-025-09630-3 > Over the last decade, the creation and dissemination of health-related information pollution has been investigated as a topic of criminological concern, especially in its manifestation as a distinguishing criminogenic and harming feature of life in cyberspace. This contribution furthers this line of inquiry by focusing on health-related information pollution disseminated online by healthcare practitioners. This phenomenon has severe implications in terms of healthcare practitioners’ ethical and professional responsibility, and public trust. By examining how current regulatory practices in... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 74. Pro-democracy platform advocacy: Resisting Big Tech-mediated authoritarianism in Southeast Asia **Mai Van Tran et al. (2025).** *Open Research Europe* Citations: 1 | DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.18820.2 > Background Global platforms, such as Meta, YouTube, X (formerly Twitter), TikTok, and Telegram, have faced widespread criticisms for facilitating authoritarian repression of dissident voices, especially in the Global South. In response, human rights defenders have increasingly launched advocacy efforts toward the foreign platforms to defend free speech. Despite the varying forms and effects of such transnational efforts, there lacks research that systematically examines their dynamics. Methods This study advances a concept of pro-democracy platform advocacy and scrutinises the extent to which... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 75. Call the (Bot-)Police: User-Led Platform Governance of “(In)Authenticity” on Instagram **Nathalie Schäfer (2025).** *Lateral* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.25158/l14.2.13 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6c316fd49d0a11a2fa2125805e0dee3e058d64d6) > The pervasive practice of botting by using fame-enhancing bots and operating porn bots, and Instagram’s opaque and unreliable authenticity governance, has evoked human Instagram users to actively police and govern botting and other bot activity. Botting describes repetitive and quantitative posting, messaging and engaging on social media platforms to provoke reciprocal engagement. Running bot police accounts, Instagram users engage and try to play an active role in the authenticity governance process of Instagram. The article investigates why and how Instagram users govern two types of... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 76. A Multi-Layer Security-by-Design Approach to Fraudulent Account Detection on Social Media: Integrating Machine Learning and Platform Governance **Ankit Agarwal (2026).** *American Journal of Technology* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.58425/ajt.v5i7.549 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/16657f75b416efe9553663503a1d4d4483875daf) > Aim: This study aims to analyze the challenges of detecting fraudulent social media accounts as a security-by-design problem and to examine the integration of machine learning, platform governance, enforcement, and compliance in addressing the proliferation of fake accounts, including sock puppets, bots, cyborg accounts, compromised accounts, CPNs, and AI-generated fake identities. Methods: The study proposes a multi-layer detection approach that integrates metadata, behavioral, network graph, and content-based signals into a comprehensive fraud risk score. The framework incorporates... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 77. Digital Shame as Sexual Governance: Rethinking Sexuality Regulation through Chinese Social Media Platforms **Zining Zhu (2025).** *Scientific Journal Of Humanities and Social Sciences* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.54691/1y1h4n06 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ef7a45c5902404fa9be4c89e15833b8df87bfbe2) > This paper looks at how shame is used to control sexual expression on Chinese social media. It uses ideas from Foucault, Butler, Ahmed and others to study how platforms like Douyin and Xiaohongshu do not block content directly, but instead use algorithms, user reports and emotional responses to guide what is shown. The paper introduces the idea of “digital shame governance” to explain how shame becomes a tool shaped by both technology and public opinion. It is also used by platforms to make money. Another idea, “click-based sexual discipline,” shows how shame makes certain gender content more... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 78. DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES AND THE ELECTORAL PROCESS: EUROPEAN STANDARDS FOR PROTECTING DEMOCRATIC CHOICE **Kateryna Tiazhkorob (2024).** *The Journal of International Legal Communication* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.32612/uw.27201643.2024.15.4.pp.22-31 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f54ddc583fce0f67ef42f5c99064ebd1af10b158) > This article analyzes the impact of digital technologies on electoral processes through the lens of European standards aimed at protecting democratic choice. The use of online platform algorithms, microtargeting of political advertising, bots, and deepfakes have become new challenges for election transparency and fairness. Following the Cambridge Analytica scandal, the European Union developed comprehensive regulatory mechanisms to counter digital threats, notably the EU Code of Practice on Disinformation and the Regulation on Transparency of Political Advertising. The article examines key... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance); S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 79. Weaponization of Social Media Algorithms: Computational Propaganda, Manufactured Consent, and the Subversion of Democratic Communication **Dr. Taha Shabbir, Dr. Muhammad Aftab Madni, Dr. Usman Farooq (2026).** *Wah Academia Journal of Social Sciences* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.63954/wajss.5.1.33.2026 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/7cea018fc741d0534e354136ecc9d187e885df78) > Social media platforms have fundamentally restructured the architecture of public communication by routing information through proprietary algorithmic systems designed to maximise user engagement. These systems, originally conceived as neutral tools for content discovery, have been systematically exploited by state actors, political operatives, commercial interests, and extremist organisations to manufacture consent, amplify disinformation, suppress dissent, and polarise publics. This paper examines the weaponization of social media algorithms as a multi-dimensional phenomenon encompassing... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 80. Digital Bridges or Digital Divides? Assessing E-Governance Policy Frameworks for SC Women's Empowerment in Andhra Pradesh **Dr. Kiran Estarla (2025).** *International journal of innovative research and creative technology* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.62970/ijirct.v11.i3.2606034 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/5b575b131321949d5f7b9cea804cd2187f4c5221) > E-governance has emerged as a transformative instrument in India's public policy architecture, promising to reshape welfare delivery, civic participation, and socioeconomic inclusion. In the context of Andhra Pradesh, the rapid deployment of digital governance platforms — including MeeSeva, PFMS-linked Direct Benefit Transfers, the Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) trinity, and the e-Panchayat ecosystem — has raised critical questions about whether these frameworks adequately serve Scheduled Caste (SC) women, a constituency historically excluded from both formal governance and digital access.... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 81. Sovereignty and Speech: The Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme and the Implied Freedom of Political Communication **H. Cotton (2026).** *Social Science Research Network* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.6067066 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/205c1ff92b43b880a3cfbebcdb8da02c41a4c161) > Owing to recent allegations of coordinated foreign interference operations designed to erode the integrity of elections and other democratic processes across the world, the exposure and regulation of foreign political influence in the domestic space has become a significant point of concern in national security discourse. In 2017, the Commonwealth Government proposed a swathe of legislation aimed towards addressing the burgeoning issue of foreign interference in Australian politics. Included within this legislative package was the Foreign Influence Transparency Scheme Act 2018 (Cth), a... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 82. The Operation Control Strategy of Low-voltage AC/DC Distribution Platform Area Considering Voltage Deviation and Three-phase Imbalance **Yu Fu et al. (2024).** *2024 7th International Conference on Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering (CEEPE)* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1109/CEEPE62022.2024.10586587 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/4dc69a24f056777246d80be4c4411d353b3ecc27) > With the annual increase of photovoltaic access to the distribution network capacity, a large increase of photovoltaic supply not only affects the energy supply quality of the distribution network, but also increases the difficulty of medium voltage distribution network dispatching. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a regulation means that can not only improve the photovoltaic consumption but also ensure the quality of energy supply. This paper analyzes the influence of distributed photovoltaic surplus power on low-voltage distribution network, and puts forward an operation control... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 83. The Influence of Foreign Loan Lender Guidelines on the Project Consulting Services Tender in Indonesia **B. Setiawan (2025).** *Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Management* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.35166/jipm.v8i1.101 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1e61bd8b24d0ef8cf816d5caa5a6d64a53335478) > This study investigates the influence of the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD) guidelines on the tender process of consultancy services in Indonesia, specifically for foreign loan-financed projects. It investigates the differences between Indonesia’s national regulations, laid out in Presidential Decrees, and lender-specific guidelines, which are mandatory when external funding is used. This qualitative research applied interviews with actors holding decision-making authority within the procurement process. The data were examined through a thematic analysis using NVivo 12 software. Two... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 84. Foreign experience of administrative and legal regulation of discretionary powers in the branch of land relations **A. I. Lavrenko (2024).** *Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.24144/2788-6018.2024.05.84 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/37aaddb03828977c004f31e1d6d16b559a37ef8f) > The article collects and analyzes approaches to understanding and conditions of application and implementation of discretionary powers of local self-government bodies in the sphere of land relations of foreign states. The realities of modern life require public authorities not only to timely and fully fulfill their tasks, but also to comply with high standards of integrity. The described tasks and goals are especially important in the implementation of discretionary rights and duties that can be carried out with a certain freedom of action or at all - at their own discretion. The scientific... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 85. Platform Labor and Algorithmic Management: Wellbeing, Unions, and Regulation **Sarah Sachar (2026).** *NEWPORT INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.59298/nijcrhss/2025/61.2933 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cef5777eabc296fb757f744357cd92bbd7c6b8bd) > Platform labor, mediated through digital platforms and governed by algorithmic management, has transformed contemporary work arrangements, offering both flexibility and precarity. This paper examines the multifacetednature of platform work, highlighting the diverse tasks, work structures, and algorithmic oversight shaping worker experiences. Empirical evidence suggests ambivalent effects on worker well-being, influenced by platform governance, regulation, task allocation, and individual skill levels. Collective representation, including unions and cooperative platforms, remains challenged by... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 1 (bot/platform/governance) --- ## 86. Legal Mechanisms for Countering Disinformation Campaigns in End-To-End Encrypted Messengers: The Right to Privacy vs National Security **Y. Kalaida (2026).** *INFORMATION AND LAW* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.37750/2616-6798.2026.2(57).364493 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f26b8c97f2f54229e0f5f773afc105ec41a943a2) > The article provides a comprehensive theoretical and legal analysis of the legal mechanisms for countering disinformation campaigns in messengers with end-to-end encryption. The specificity of encrypted traffic is investigated as a loophole for classic tools of covert investigative actions and temporary access to things and documents. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of European standards for regulating the digital space, including the Digital Services Act (DSA), and the experience of G7 countries in implementing the "algorithmic accountability" model. The place and role of... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 87. PAC-ACT: Post-training Actor-Critic for Action Chunking Transformers **Yujie Pang, Zudong Li (2026).** ** Citations: 0 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6f832b0a96c3b3bd97ea51f6e8694e62957d310f) > Precision industrial contact manipulation requires reliable robot policies under pose perturbations and contact-force constraints. Vision-language-action models offer broad generalization but often introduce high inference latency and GPU-memory cost, while vision-action chunking policies are more suitable for real-time industrial control. However, these policies are usually trained by behavior cloning and suffer from distribution shift in contact-rich tasks. This paper proposes PAC-ACT, a reinforcement-learning post-training framework for pretrained Action Chunking Transformer policies.... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 88. Guarding the Marketplace: AI-Driven Detection of Return Fraud and Review Manipulation in E-Commerce **Tarun Gupta (2026).** *Journal of Digital Marketing, E-Commerce, and Consumer Analytics* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.63620/mkjdmeca.2026.1035 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8ee398ef4aa64f5e5641cd4e035a1c1f584f812d) > Return fraud and online review manipulation have emerged as two of the most financially damaging threats to modern e-commerce. According to the U.S. National Retail Federation (NRF), return fraud and abuse cost retailers over US$103 billion in 2024; concurrently, platforms such as Amazon, Google, and Trustpilot remove hundreds of millions of fake reviews annually. While the revenue-driving layer of integrity, as emphasized by previous studies in marketing analytics, is important, the layer of personalization, search advertising, and customer lifetime value is still less examined. We aim to... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 89. Adapting Bot Detection Models for Romania’s Disinformation Ecosystem **S. Stoica (2025).** *European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.34190/eccws.24.1.3573 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/c498bda99c3d722255b6f2c3acdeabcd750c531a) > The proliferation of social media bots and fake accounts has significantly disrupted information ecosystems, posing substantial challenges in detecting and mitigating disinformation. While machine learning and deep learning models have shown varying levels of success on platforms like Twitter and Facebook, they often fail to account for region-specific nuances critical for effective bot detection. Facebook and Twitter have been widely used in disinformation research due to their large user bases and historically open API access, facilitating large-scale data collection. This study addresses... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 90. Platforms, neoliberalism, and bot activism: The legislature and society in the wake of disinformation **Adriana Braga, C. Montenegro (2023).** *Intercom: Revista Brasileira de Ciências da Comunicação* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1590/1809-58442023130en | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/bbc376517dcb7004aa9b2dd32b65baf47deb4eaa) > Abstract The structure and agency of digital platforms, especially social networks and messaging services, are essential media content distributors in democratic societies. We examine the evolution of the web, highlighting questions about transparency and the use of personal data by technology giants. We offer a critical perspective on the business model of these platforms, exploring conflicts of interest, public values, and everyday goods, as well as the impact on the spread of misinformation. We carried out a survey that reveals the deliberate use of disinformation on social networks and... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 91. From State Actors to Western Influencers: The Transnational Surge of “False Flag” Disinformation After Terror Attack in India **n.a. (2025).** ** Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.67441/3143-3715.2025.07 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8901a2c8c9c4bc5d25f3085a94481b87d857c54d) > In the wake of the April 2025 Pahalgam terrorist attack, a major coordinated disinformation campaign orchestrated by Pakistani state-linked actors erupted across social media platforms. A primary narrative amplified in the campaign was the claim that the Pahalgam attack was an Indian false flag operation. The amplifiers of this target message combined three critical components; initially, state-linked Pakistani actors coordinated to seed the narrative that the April 22 Pahalgam terror attack was a false flag staged by the Indian government. Thereafter, bot networks using AI-generated memes,... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 92. The Feedback between Real and Credit Markets **Emanuele Ciola (2019).** ** Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.6035/14102.2019.763301 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/34a1f3e3ce2b69f8cf2e98b513774ed9e30c52ff) > The main purpose of this thesis is to extend the theoretical knowledge on the relationship between the financial and the real sectors. Specifically, we investigate how the allocation of capital affects the dynamics of macroeconomic cycles and the long-term growth rate. Indeed, given the position of financial intermediaries between the demand and the supply of loanable funds, banks can change the market equilibrium influencing the choices of households and firms. Moreover, also the competitive pressure arising from incumbent institutions can play a major role in the definition of the final... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 93. Digital Disinformation and Electoral Integrity: Legal Responses and Democratic Implications **Thabo Maseko, Hichem Bouazizi, Mariana Scouza (2025).** *Interdisciplinary Studies in Society, Law, and Politics* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.61838/kman.isslp.4.4.22 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3cc2585b5610656ffaf188479dc99cb677ce203a) > This study aims to examine the legal responses and democratic implications of digital disinformation in the context of electoral integrity. This study uses a narrative review approach combined with a descriptive analysis method to synthesize findings from scholarly articles, legal documents, and policy reports published between 2020 and 2024. Sources were selected from academic databases and institutional publications based on relevance, credibility, and analytical depth. The reviewed materials were thematically categorized into key areas including disinformation mechanisms, regulatory... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 94. Manufacturing “realities” in the age of disinformation **Ioan-Claudiu Farcaș (2025).** *Revue internationale animation, territoires et pratiques socioculturelles* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.55765/atps.i28.3650 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/068bb44976b4c53a8c3122576eb941b6c655cee6) > This paper examines the effect of generative artificial intelligence (AI) on propaganda, which has produced a significant shift from traditional methods. Twentieth-century propaganda was based on simplified driven narratives for mass audiences. AI expands the horizon, allowing for the creation of hyper-personalized disinformation at a very large scale. The analysis focuses on the relationship between AI-based bot networks and the algorithms behind social media platforms. It shows how these tools are actively deployed to suppress votes, discredit opponents, strengthen extremist movements, and... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 95. Countering Sharp Power in the Digital Age: A Framework for Pakistan's Digital Diplomacy in the Aftermath of Pulwama and Beyond **Zahid Yaqub, Sayed Amir Hussain Shah, Sobia Andleeb (2025).** *Journal of Political Stability Archive* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.63468/jpsa.3.4.74 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/1555809a11e5c4d8a74b797d89a50d7489b3b69b) > The world of diplomacy and geopolitics is rapidly changing in the era of information warfare, where the narrative is more important as compared to physical confrontation.  This article is focused on the concept of ‘sharp power' where state sway the disinformation, coercion and employ manipulation to achieve political gains against the adversaries, in the context of Pakistan.  The Pulwama attack of 2019, clearly depicts that how India utilized Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior (CIB), disinformation network and cognitive narrative to project sharp power against Pakistan.  The methodology adopted... **Found via:** SCOPUS-substitute Query 2 (platform laws & bots) --- ## 96. REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIA, US AND CHINA **Palvi MATHAVAN PURI (2025).** *Indian Journal of Legal Review* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.65393/sbrz8317 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/e0401d329fe491a641422108cf6a0c9a004e1c50) > ABSTRACT Social media platforms have revolutionized communication, but they also bring significant challenges in governance, privacy, and law enforcement. The proliferation of social media has raised pressing concerns about misinformation, hate speech and user privacy. As governments and regulatory bodies grapple with these challenges, laws related to social media have evolved differently across countries. Through the comparative study of social media laws of India with the United States and China, the article will shed light on the complexities and potential solutions to this multifaceted... **Found via:** S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 97. The Privacy Crisis of AI Invasion in Social Media: The Case of Weibo Social Bot "Robot" **Gongli Liu, Chunhua Zhang (2026).** *Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.25236/ajhss.2026.090208 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f722185b1bbbb05c8dd323af232ff9adc5178333) > : As artificial intelligence technology continues to evolve, social bots are becoming increasingly prevalent in social media applications. However, their potential implications for user privacy are becoming increasingly evident. This research employs semi-structured interviews to examine users' perceptions of privacy violations and corresponding protective actions during interactions with the social bot, "Robot," which was launched by Weibo in July 2023. The findings indicate substantial cognitive variations among users with regard to the privacy risks associated with the intervention of... **Found via:** S2 phrase: social media bot governance regulation --- ## 98. Inauthentic, Cyber Activity From Khalistani Extremist Accounts Precedes and Amplifies Attacks on Hindu Temples and Indian Government Buildings **n.a. (2023).** ** Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.67441/3143-3715.2023.05 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/cac60fca822bb17bd957402ef9f8b080c09357f0) > Bottom Line Up Front: ● Sikh separatists (known as Khalistanis) have engaged in vandalism against Hindu houses of worship and Indian government buildings in the US and abroad. ● Cyber-social Khalistani extremist rhetoric is growing in intensity and frequently amplifies calls for attacks and celebrates vandalism against Hindu houses of worship and Indian government buildings. ● Evidence of numerous, interconnected social media accounts, including numerous self-identified Pakistani accounts, exhibit signs of coordinated inauthentic behavior. ● Online postings contain threatening language... **Found via:** S2 phrase: coordinated inauthentic behavior platform accountability --- ## 99. Liability of News Platforms under the Digital Services Act **S. Vernea (2024).** *Legal Perspectives in the Modern Era of Technological Transformations* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.62768/adjuris/2024/1/08 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/20f03f8af3815fb6321c3b1f69be7f08b58fa770) > This article analyzes the conditions under which news platforms can be held liable under European Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the Parliament and of the Council (Digital Services Act). The first part concerns the object of the DSA regulation, by reference to news platforms, and the second part regards the notion of illegal content and its specific nature in the case of news platforms. The third and fourth parts concern the liability of the online platform both for posted articles and for advertising, in which the author has identified a distinct regime depending on the type of uploaded... **Found via:** S2 phrase: Digital Services Act platform liability bots --- ## 100. RESPONSIBILITY OF ONLINE PLATFORMS FOR THIRD-PARTY CONTENT: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EU DIGITAL SERVICES ACT AND THE US SECTION 230 **Igor Britchenko (2025).** *The Journal of International Legal Communication* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.32612/uw.27201643.2025.18.3.pp.61-76 | [Link](https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/6fcbac7b91d1b732356579a35a61a3fc9f42fc01) > This article provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of the two dominant Western regulatory models governing the liability of online platforms for third-party content: the European Union’s Digital Services Act (DSA) and Section 230 of the United States Communications Decency Act (CDA). The analysis employs a comparative legal methodology to dissect the legal architecture, enforcement mechanisms, and underlying jurisprudential philosophies of each regime. It finds that the DSA represents a proactive, systems-based model of co-regulation rooted in a philosophy of ‘digital... **Found via:** S2 phrase: Digital Services Act platform liability bots --- ## 101. Communication Rights for Social Bots?: Options for the Governance of Automated Computer-Generated Online Identities **Stefano Pedrazzi, Franziska Oehmer (2020).** ** DOI: 10.5325/jinfopoli.10.2020.0549 **Found via:** Citation chaining: backward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 102. Regulating Bot Speech **Madeline Lamo, Ryan Calo (2018).** ** DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3214572 **Found via:** Citation chaining: backward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 103. Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration **P. Howard, S. Woolley, Ryan Calo (2018).** ** DOI: 10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735 **Found via:** Citation chaining: backward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 104. Legal regulation of the concept of “bot farms” as a response to manipulation of Internet users **Dina Dryzhakova (2025).** *Social and Legal Studios* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.32518/sals2.2025.144 > The aim of this study was to develop a legislative definition of bot farms, thereby creating a basis for legal regulation of their use. The research employed the formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. The issue of bot farms is an emerging area of interest, prompted by increasing trends in the use of bots for purposes such as propaganda, fraud, and disinformation. Bots can be categorised into the following groups: one-day bots, classic bots, foreign bots, non- standard bots, and bots with complex behaviour. Furthermore, the study identified the purposes and areas of activity of bot farms,... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'Not all who are bots are evil' (New Media & Society) --- ## 105. Corporate Quasi‐Sovereignty: Big Tech and the Politics of Sovereign Authority in the Digital Age **Chee Hae Chung, Bryce J. Dietrich (2026).** *Policy Studies Journal* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1111/psj.70142 > As private technology firms expand their control over critical infrastructures, questions of sovereignty and governance are increasingly displaced from states to corporate actors. Existing scholarship on sovereignty assumes that authority is either monopolized by states or shared through institutionalized public–private arrangements. Yet, recent events, including SpaceX's control of wartime communications in Ukraine, Meta's confrontation with the Australian government, and OpenAI's attempts to shape global AI regulation, demonstrate that firms can exercise discretionary authority without... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 106. Mapping the relationship between journalistic discourse, tech industry layoffs, and artificial intelligence **Anne Herfurth, Jessica Maddox (2026).** *New Media & Society* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1177/14614448261437808 > The tech industry’s 2023–2024 mass layoffs represented a critical moment in which an infallible industry seemed to suddenly lay bare its weak spots. Historically, Big Tech and the American press have had a complementary relationship, journalism often reinforcing an industry long viewed as too big to fail. Through textual analysis of long-form coverage of the tech layoff crisis, we identify three themes. First, even amid layoffs, Big Tech is presented as too complex and important to regulate, with layoffs framed as necessary for long-term health—and as justification for subsequent layoffs by... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 107. Between technopolitics and geopolitics: AI and middle-power governance in the United Kingdom and Australia **Terry Flew, Wenjia Tang (2026).** *Journal of Digital Media & Policy* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1386/jdmp_00198_1 > This article examines a significant paradox within the global AI policy landscape, which is the proliferation of AI policies by nation states vs. the perception that national regulation of global technologies like AI is largely ineffective. While the United States, China and the European Union have been claimed to be ‘Digital Empires’ shaping AI governance, this study focuses on the approaches of two middle-sized nations, the United Kingdom and Australia. Both countries, outside the ‘Digital Empires’, have historically been significant policy agents in the global digital space and are... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 108. Online dispute resolution in Indonesian e-commerce: Arbitration law and shariah consumer protection **Nia Melawati (2026).** *Al'adalah* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.35719/aladalah.v28i2.645 > This study aims to analyse the position of online dispute resolution (ODR) in Indonesian e-commerce from the perspective of arbitration law and assess its normative adequacy in light of the principles of shariah consumer protection. The study employs normative legal research, drawing on statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches. Its legal materials consist of regulations on arbitration, electronic transactions, consumer protection, and digital commerce, complemented by scholarly literature on ODR, e-arbitration, and shariah consumer protection. The results indicate that ODR in... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 109. Digital-Age Dilemmas for Democracy: Disinformation and Polarization in the 21st Century **R. Haq et al. (2025).** *ACADEMIA International Journal for Social Sciences* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.63056/acad.004.04.1185 > The rapid spread of digital media has transformed the way citizens participate in politics and how democracies operate. While online communication has created new opportunities for engagement and dialogue, it has also introduced significant challenges, particularly through disinformation and rising polarization. Algorithms that determine what people see online often reinforce existing beliefs, limiting public debate and undermining shared understandings of facts. Both domestic and foreign actors have learned to exploit these weaknesses, spreading false or misleading information that erodes... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 110. The Role of AI in Moderating Online Hate Speech: A Discourse Evaluation **D. Matrood (2025).** *Frontiers in Global Research* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.55559/fgr.v1i3.20 > As people spend more time online, hate speech on social media and other digital channels has grown into a big problem for everyone. Because of this, a lot of tech companies have started to use systems that use artificial intelligence (AI) to find, screen, and limit harmful materials. The goal of this study is to find out how AI can help police stop hate speech online by looking at how these technologies affect, change, and sometimes confuse digital communication. It is easy and quick for AI to solve problems, but it often has trouble with the complicated rules of language that people use,... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) --- ## 111. The crisis of the tripod of legal legitimacy: AI, governance and the shifting foundations of legitimacy **Chee Hae Chung (2026).** *Law and Governance* Citations: 0 | DOI: 10.1017/cfl.2026.10043 > This article examines how artificial intelligence (AI) systems displace the foundational structures that uphold legal legitimacy. Traditionally anchored in legal certainty, accountability and enforceability, which this study conceptualizes as the “Tripod of Legal Legitimacy,” law’s normative authority is increasingly undermined by opaque, adaptive and privately governed algorithmic infrastructures. AI systems embed regulatory functions such as adjudication, classification and enforcement directly into technical design, often operating beyond the reach of public oversight or judicial review.... **Found via:** Citation chaining: forward citation of seed: 'The platform governance triangle' (Internet Policy Review) ---